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A Brief Review of the Development of New China Textile Machinery Manufacturing
Over the past fifty-plus years, the manufacturing sector of China’s new textile machinery has undergone several distinct phases of evolution. The first phase spanned the planned economy era, from the founding of the People's Republic of China until the early 1980s. Following the establishment of New China, the state took control of bureaucratic capital enterprises—such as the parent company of Shanghai Textile Machinery Co., Ltd., the No. 2 Machinery Plant in Shanghai, the No. 1 Machinery Plant in Qingdao, and the No. 1 Machinery Plant in Tianjin—and transformed them into state-owned entities. Additionally, national capital enterprises underwent socialist transformation. During this time, the state initiated the creation of new textile machinery manufacturing enterprises, laying the groundwork for a self-reliant supply system capable of producing complete textile machinery equipment. Characteristics of this era included centralized production and operations, reflecting the planned economy model. Most enterprises were either state-owned or collectively owned, with decisions on production, finance, property, supply, and marketing managed by the central authorities. The textile machinery industry saw limited competition and relatively low production concentration, despite the rapid increase in the number and output of enterprises. Technologically, the industry lagged behind international standards.
The second phase occurred during the transition from a planned to a market economy, roughly from the mid-1980s to the mid-to-late 1990s. Driven by the booming textile industry, China’s textile machinery sector experienced significant growth. Domestic sales revenue rose from 2.49 billion yuan in 1986 to 6.41 billion yuan in 1990, while total output increased from 356,000 tons in 1985 to 440,000 tons in 1990 and 591,000 tons in 1994. Cotton spinning spindles surged from 23.23 million in 1985 to 38.82 million in 1990 and 41.91 million in 1995. Similarly, the number of cotton weaving looms grew from 668,000 in 1985 to 860,000 in 1990 and 913,000 in 1995. Despite these gains, structural adjustments became necessary as China's textile industry entered a period of transformation. The growth rate of total output declined from 8.2% during the Seventh Five-Year Plan to 3.6% during the Eighth Five-Year Plan. Key developments during this period included the gradual relaxation of market access, leading to a diversified ownership structure and regional competition. The state-owned monopoly was challenged by the rise of collective and private enterprises, while foreign capital began entering the market through joint ventures. By 1997, there were nearly 50 foreign-invested enterprises in China’s textile machinery sector with total capital exceeding $100 million. Domestic production expanded steadily, though high-tech products were increasingly supplied by imports.
The third phase, beginning in the late 1990s, has been marked by structural adjustments and intensified global competition. In 1997, the Central Economic Work Conference designated the textile industry as a priority area for state-owned enterprise reform, focusing on downsizing, layoffs, and profit improvement. This policy significantly impacted the textile machinery industry, particularly state-owned enterprises, which faced unprecedented market pressures. In 1998, the industry reported a record loss of 278 million yuan. Private and foreign-funded enterprises accelerated their growth, challenging state-owned enterprises. The management system continued to evolve, transitioning toward a market-oriented framework. By 2000, the market began to recover, with the total output value of the textile machinery industry rising sharply to 146 billion yuan. Competition intensified as multinational corporations accelerated their investments in China, drawn by the promise of a growing market. Private enterprises, particularly in Zhejiang and Jiangsu, emerged as significant players, impacting the low- to mid-range product markets traditionally dominated by state-owned enterprises. Today, China’s textile machinery industry operates within a competitive market structure, fostering innovation and further growth.